A blog exclusively for UPSC examination. This is wonderful blog for the current events of national and international importance. It also has compilation of science and technology and social issues. This is all point of view from Civil Services Examination's General Studies papers of both Prelims and Mains. I hope this attempt may reduce load of the candidates and help them in their endeavor to master currents facts. For more details about exam please refere http://www.upsc.gov.in/
Tuesday, 30 July 2019
Industry cautious on RCEP deal
Conflicting views pervade BRICS Ministers’ meeting
Respecting reproductive choice
It’s time for India and Pakistan to walk the talk
Sexism in Parliament
History and the 5G dilemma
Need to help boys disclose sexual abuse, say activists
Army’s first Integrated Battle Groups to be structured by end of next month
Audit report reveals irregularities within scam-hit Vyapam
Karnataka coop bankoffers ₹5,000 for RWH
Wild elephants under duress in A.P.’s Koundinya sanctuary
Bumpy road forcolistin ban rollout
Railways looking at completeredesign of all future coaches
Cybercrime officials suspectAgent Smith targets Indians
H1N1 claims more healthyindividuals in State this year
Caught riding helmetless? Get tea and a talk on safety
Naga register will shield Statefrom outsiders, says Dy. CM
Govt. must convince industryof RCEP’s benefits: Australia
Karnataka Speaker disqualifies14 more MLAs before trust vote
Monday, 29 July 2019
Vanishing wildlife: 22 specieshave gone extinct in India
WHO recommends useof innovative HIV drug
IISER Mohali finds that zebrafish use landmarks for navigation
IIT Madras: Breath humiditysensors for wearable electronics
Reversible superglue inspired by snail epiphragm
Bees use complex memoryfor communication
Predicting pollution levelsusing oceans’ memory
Cleaner air, higher costs?
What is zero budget natural farming?
Why does India say no to Kashmir mediation?
Review legal setup to tackle corporate failures’
‘Model Tenancy Act willrebuild trust betweenowners and tenants
U.S., Guatemala sign asylum deal
Ditch backstop or face no-deal exit, Johnson tells EU
3 military logisticspacts on the anvil
Houston calling with big diaspora event for PM
Pentagon nod for military sales to India, Pak.
Suspected drone sighting over ISRO’sresearch centre sparks security concerns
Cooperatives forsustainable mining: NGT
Centre to launchDeep OceanMission in October
Bangladeshi couple held forliving in India on fake papers
Nagaland forms panel toframe RIIN modalities
85% of food adulteration casesin Bhind pending since 2011
Devolution of powersto local bodies stillnot satisfactory’
Mumbai’s first LGBTQI+ career fair is all about celebrating differences
Surge in troops sparks panic in Kashmir
Watch out for Agent Smith
1,050 passengers rescued fromstranded train near Mumbai
FinMin, NITI Aayog guidelinesignored in airport privatisation
Saturday, 27 July 2019
Indian telecom sector will create3,00,000 jobs in next 18 months’
Iran tests medium-range missile
New N. Korean missile sendsangry message to South’s leader
Private Bill urges state poll funding
The unravelling of a kidney racket
China, Russia, France sharesatellite data on Assam floods
Kerala may have undercounted jumbos
Einspection boosts attendance in Bhopal schools
Rajasthan gets assurance from Punjab
‘Kharif crop scenarioin Odisha alarming’
New antiterror clause will not be misused, says official
New drug to combatwombatkilling disease
Earth is warming at faster pacethan in last 2,000 years: study
Paris records its hottest dayas heatwave sears Europe
Ukraine seizes Russian ship in Black Sea
Will respond withinour budget: Navy
Companies bill introducedamid opposition hue and cry
Making national legislaturesmore gender-balanced
How to make the Surrogacy Bill more inclusive?
GSLV Mk-III helps reduceorbit-raising manoeuvres
Arunachal tiger parkfacing a wage crisis
Flood duty keeps themaway from affected kin
Study alternative to Bandipur traffic ban: Rahul
Drug menace: Haryana, H.P.mull law on lines of MCOCA
Aadhaar card racket busted in Raigad
Monsoon diseases: H1N1 biggest killer
Yet another earthquake inPalghar leaves one dead
Friday, 26 July 2019
Health department on alert with 8 suspected AES deaths in State
EC sets up teams to probe VVPATmismatch in Lok Sabha election
100 pending cases? Set upa POCSO court, says SC
RTI Amendment Bill passedamid protests in Rajya Sabha
Karnataka Speaker disqualifiesthree rebel Congress MLAs
Thursday, 25 July 2019
Shonali Bose’s The Sky is Pinkmakes it to the TIFF first list
India’s first dragon bloodoozing tree
Milky Way’s violent birth decoded
Largescale burning of grasslands detrimental to invertebrates’
U.S. to effect steep hike in EB5 charges
‘India, China to overtakeU.S. intech innovation
India rises in global innovation ranking
We will deploy Army ifHong Kong seeks it: China
China says it wantssecurity & stabilityalong India border
Citizens urge PM to act onreligionbased violence
Jaishankar not attendingBrazil BRICS meeting
Sugar mills back move tobuild 4 mn tonne buffer
30,000 militants active in Pak.: Imran
Centre won’t take CIC orders seriously’
UAPA Bill cleared amid walkout
Island of hope in the midst ofglobal measles resurgence
Making Chennai a water-wise city
Contentious remedies for a clear, structural malady
Shifting strategic concerns
Having the last word on ‘population control’
Centre notifies pensionscheme for small traders
Sand mining: SC seeks replyfrom Centre and five States
Animals ‘reclaim’ abandoned quarries
Kerala gears up for a champion’s league on water
Kerala farm varsity centre topromote coconut farming
Andhra Pradesh passes Billon 75% quota for local youth
Rat snake tortured to look ‘more appealing’
Punjab on alert afterheavy rain forecast
WR gets biometric token system
AYUSH practitioners join fight against tuberculosis
Real estate projects worth ₹82,000 cr. stalled
ISinspired group influencedby Zakir Naik’s speeches: ATS
Power poles should have spikes to keep away jumbos
State doubles minimum wages of workers
Send key Bills for scrutiny,Opposition tells Centre
Wednesday, 24 July 2019
Data breaches cost firms dear’
SAT asks SEBI to probeCairn India ‘violations
IMF cuts India’s growthforecast for 201920 to 7%
Former Chinese premierLi Peng passes away at 90
NIA likely to take over ₹2,700 crorePunjab drug smuggling case
UN climate envoymeets Javadekar
Centre usurping States’ rights: MPs
Labour Bills meet with protest
Giving ties with Seoul a facelift
Making the waterguzzlingthermal plants accountable
The complexities of Naga identity
Faltering steps in the anti-AIDS march
UGC list of fake universities: 14out of 23 around since 2005
SC moves to rein in fraudulent builders
New classification forAyurveda centres
Forget Kashmir — Kerala’s apples charm tourists
Review of rejected claims under Forest Rights Act patchy: activists
Rajasthan vaccination drive starts amid protests
Invoke NSA against syntheticmilk producers: M.P. Minister
Will urge Centre to reinforceGhaggar embankment: CM
State to find its own Hima Dasthrough Mission Shakti
‘Wide access to OTC drugs frees up govt. resources
ACB not interested in combattingcorruption, says RTI activist
Assam NRC final publication deadline extended to August 31
Tuesday, 23 July 2019
Iran claims it busted CIA spyring; zero truth, says Trump
Britain plans European-led naval mission in the Gulf
China says Hong Kong protestsare ‘absolutely intolerable’
U.S. working with Pak. to findway out of Afghan war: Trump
Success in water sector development depends on a jan andolan’
Human Rights Bill cleared amid protests
Subverting the RTI regime
Smoking e-cigarettes ismore injurious to health
What does it mean to oppose Brahmanism?
Soaring to the moon
A misleading presentation of a labour programme
The judicial presumption of noncitizenship
Plea in SC seeks action to savenumbers of indigenous cows
Race for moonmissions hots up
Perfect launch for Chandrayaan-2
State to promote startups with competition
State road works under cloudas banks refuse more credit
Deaths on rail network fall by 13% in 2019
I would love to be a mediatoron Kashmir: Donald Trump
Hasina nixes move for seditioncase against Hindu activist
Don’t escalate tensions, Iran tells U.K.
A.K. Roy, former lawmakerand labour activist, dead
India, Iran discuss release of sailors
NITI Aayog health index suffers from skew
Centre’s J&K playbook goes down to the grassroots
60.14% turnout of service voters, says EC
An invasive and inefficient tool
Ignoring the proportionality principle
A new beginning The pact between the military and civilianprotesters may help Sudan turn a democracy
Sucking up surplus
An ally, a partner and American unilateralism
The tremor of unwelcome amendments
Nine Keralites stranded in UAEafter accepting fake job offers
20 lakh children to get rotavirus vaccine
Give preference to local companies: Centre
Centre’s decision to bring amendments to RTI Act draws criticism from activists
Should doctors go beyond advising patients?
SC/ST scientists find little room in biotech institutes
Army HQ restructuringto begin by month-end
Monday, 22 July 2019
Venice Film Critics’ Week to open with animated film from India
Russian website offering ‘paid’research authorship under probe
NCBS: How micro RNAs regulate the colour of fruits, leaves
Ebola vaccine tested during epidemic saves lives in Congo
Yes we can, indeed wemust, restore forests
Whither House panels?
How will India contribute to LIGO?
What are the advantages blockchain offers?
Govt. in talks with foreign lenders for loans to SMEs
Iran defends seizure of U.K. oil tanker
M.P. yet to form tiger protection force
Colistin banned in animal food industry
Hyderabad gets facility to sequence 30 genomes a day
Release of water from KRS toTamil Nadu triggers protests
Narmada dam: M.P., Gujarat spar on rehabilitation
10 railway stationsin city to get facelift
Housing societies to hostcharging stations for EVs
Minor quakerecorded in Palghar
Former Delhi CM Sheila Dikshit dead
German envoy: RSSis a mass movemen
Centre rejects SEBI pleaon transfer of reserves
DA files complaint in U.S. court against art dealer for trafficking antiquities
Israel spyware firm can hackdata from social media: report
RTI Bill introduced amid Opposition flak
Lok Sabha clears Billon NHRC constitution
Bills to help transgenders,depositors introduced
Inclusion over exclusion
Green shoots of economic growth
The NEP and liberal arts education
Women in CRPF will soon getspecially designed body gear
Brindavana of VyasarajaTirtha rebuilt in Karnataka
Saturday, 20 July 2019
Punjab prison cell where Nehruwas lodged in 1923 collapses
7,000 species added to IUCN ‘Red List’
Centre seeks response fromIndiGo on ‘misgovernance
SEBI moots tougher disclosures for resignation of auditors
SEBI opposes Centre’s proposalto transfer surplus money to CFI
Transmission sector needs ₹5 lakhcrore investment for future needs
Iran seizes tanker, U.S.vows to protect sea route
ChinaU.S. feud rises over Taiwan
U.S. bars Turkey from F35programme over S400 deal
Crowd roars ‘send her back’ asTrump blasts Congresswomen
India must back Talibantalks, says German envoy
Pak. espoused Khalistani agenda: India
CMs’ panel mulls move to tieState farm reforms to funds
‘74% BJP MPs got over 50% voteshare
Ecology or economy, asks Gadkari
A journalist’s right to loiter
Does the antidefection law serve any purpose?
OIC’s curious record on Xinjiang
Inappropriate template for a legitimate target
Naval training ships tohave facilities for women
Child labour in films, TVcomes under scanner
Animals seek refuge on highlands
Suspected treasure huntersvandalise tomb in Hampi
Ethanol biorefinery tocome up in Vidarbha
₹22,300 cr. multimodal corridorruns into environmental hurdle
Wayanad’s tribal hamlets one step from 100% literacy
Thursday, 18 July 2019
Prehistoric city discovered near Jerusalem
Breakthrough techniqueto eradicate mosquitoes
EU launches probe intoAmazon over data use
Musk unveils project onmindmachine interface
Digitally skilling talent pool is a priority
Cabinet okays amendmentsto bankruptcy code
RBI reserves: panel for transfer in tranches
U.S. bans Myanmar militaryleaders over Rohingya abuses
U.S. not to sellF35 fighterjets to Turkey
Taliban shuts 42 healthclinics in Afghan province
U.S. House condemns Trump’s‘racist’ tweets on lawmakers
The benefits of blockchain
Turkey’s tilt towards Russia
The price of a good cuppa
Sword against penIndia needs a free and independent media for its own wellbeing
Takeaways from the Kulbhushan Jadhav case ruling
At the UNSC, a threepoint agenda
Dam Safety Bill gets nod from CCEA
MMR sees sharp six-point drop in T.N.
Team from Kerala college finds Iron Age tools
What about our right to issue awhip, ask Congress, JD(S) leaders
Housing project’ for stray cows
Rajasthan considering policy onMsand as substitute for ‘bajri’
No court relief for trio whoshared video after lynching
Cabinet reviews insurancescheme, will resolve complaints
Coastal road ruling: Chief Justice gives an account of city’s history
Normal rainfall measure may be lowered
Bill to revamp medicaleducation cleared
Review Jadhav sentence, grantconsular access, ICJ tells Pak.
Wednesday, 17 July 2019
Suzlondefaults on $172 mn bonds
Centre cites NGO’s letter for NRC reverification
321 protected monuments,sites encroached upon: govt
Tapping the potential ofcommunities to end AIDS
The many hurdles in proving citizenship
The wheels to a low-carbon transport system
Making sense of Karnataka’s politics
Heavy rain in Nepalcauses floods in Bihar
BDL going strong with missile orders for ₹8,000 crore
Schools turnnutritiongardens inMizoram
Banks disburse just 30%loans this kharif season
Petitioners welcome HC verdict on coastal road project, say justice is done
Don’t try to lay down the limits of our jurisdiction: SC
Finally, Pakistan opens itsairspace after 6 months
NRC: Centre, Assam move SC for sample reverification
HC quashes CRZ clearancefor coastal road project
20 million children notvaccinated in 2018: UN
New species of ancient lizardnamed after Hindu god Indra
Ashok Leyland to shutPantnagar unit for nine days
Trade deficit shrinks 8% in June
Some Iranian women take offhijabs as hardliners push back
No intent to exclude Indiafrom Afghan diplomacy
Deliberate inaction’ on judge’s elevation
SC startled by delay in child rape cases
12 Indian beaches in the race to crest the ‘Blue Flag’ challenge
More funds sought for AYUSH Ministry
Amended Motor Vehicles Bill reintroduced
A WASH for healthcare
Creating a fair digital payments market
A test of law and justice
M.P. to reconsider 3.6 lakhrejected forest rights claims
Speaker not letting us quit, MLAs tell SC
Farmers seek resumption ofpaddy procurement in Odisha
Oil refinery row simmers again
Early ‘break monsoon’to affect kharif crops
More liver failure patients get organ from deceased donors in State
Moon mission launch aborted
Tuesday, 16 July 2019
One Nation One Card
As ransomware rages, debate heats up on response
Healthy lifestyle may offsetgenetic risk for Alzheimer’s
India is home to 1,256 species of orchid, says first comprehensive survey
Tribal SHG women createan organic agro revolution
Making a killing from skilling raw grads
Leave the U.S., Trump tellsDemocratic Congresswomen
60 dead in Nepal floods
Next Dalai Lama must be chosen within China’
British leaks say Trump ditchedIran nuclear deal to spite Obama
Midday meals left 900 children ill
Polluted water, overflowing sewage torment Bhopal gas tragedy survivors
Defence Ministry spent₹7.85 cr. on legal fee
A valiant attempt tomainstream the marginalised
J&K police officerreaches out with books
Relying on the Constitution is not enough
Ecological perils of discounting the future
Looming challenges to India’s standing
Speed restrictions and sound alertsmooted for protection of dolphins
Nearly half of sex offence casesnot being probed in slotted time
Here, farmers’ children read the skies
Activist slams move toimport Westinghousereactors for Kovvada
Forcible eviction of urban poor will lead to greater poverty’
Pune corporation moots rentalaccommodation for labourers
Railways may buy readymade trains from private players
Visa-free year-long access forpilgrims to Kartarpur Sahib
Monday, 15 July 2019
A ‘green revolution’ with Chinese characteristics
Climate change knows no holiday
Computer geniusCorbató dies at 93
Chevron spills 30 lakh litres of oil and water in California
U.S. sets $5 bn fine for Facebook
127 papers from India retracted for image duplication, manipulation
Registry for phones
Why is India opting for overseas bonds?
How will Chandrayaan 2 study the moon?
Yashwant Sinha pans sovereign bonds idea
NSCN(IM) slams move for tribal register
Modi, Xi to balance ties on the Ganga
2,900 scientist positionsare vacant, says Minister
Floods, landslips causehavoc in northeast
Chandrayaan-2 all setfor 3.84 lakh km voyage
Eyes wide shut — blindfolds help students focus in class
Centre’s stance on EAPs mayhurt Kerala’s rebuilding drive
Over 200 cases of NRI husbands deserting wives
India builds 250homes in Myanmarto assist Rohingya
Saturday, 13 July 2019
Warming threatens Greenland’sarchaeological sites, says study
Ethanol pumps may be opened soon
‘Lower fiscal deficit will allowprivate sector to borrow more
U.S. will consider ‘301 probe’on India, says trade official
Russia’s top missile system has many buyers
Turkey defies U.S. as S400 arrives
India again abstains atUN vote, draws criticism
Evidence gathered from social mediasecures conviction in Khalistani case
Vikram lander tested over Challakere ‘craters
Railways cannot beprivatised, says Goyal
First-timers brought to the fore in Lok Sabha
Death by digital exclusion?
Game of chicken that can end in disaster
A case of confused thinking
‘PM should recall Bedi now
Two from Araku testpositive for Anthrax
Crop loan disbursementgoes online in Rajasthan
Floods hit 8.6 lakh in Assam
Northern States to meetagain over drug menace
Australian students join hands with TechMahindra to combat climate change
SC refuses to stay HC order on reservation to Marathas
SC tells Speaker to defercall on Karnataka MLAs
ISRO’s lunar touchdown has dry-run on soil fetched from Tamil Nadu
Friday, 12 July 2019
France passes legislationtaxing digital giants
Assam temple turtles set free in the wild
Japan’s Hayabusa2 probe touches down on asteroid
Noconfidence motion againstSri Lanka govt. defeated
Bangladesh charges formerChief Justice with corruption
Iranian boats tried to block ourtanker in the Gulf, says U.K.
Amendments to Forest Actrepressive, says Brinda Karat
Facial-recognition systemwill not violate privacy’
Nagaland to frame RIINnorms after consultation
More Foreigners’ Tribunals in Assam
U.S., India to begin formal talks on trade today
Draft tenancy law caps security deposit
Political crisis will mar economy: Chidambaram
Why access to officials is so important for reporters
Majoritarian here, secular there
Can India make the transition to electric vehicles?
Tread with caution The consolidated codes on labour laws need athorough vetting and discussion in Parliament
Picking out plastic
Jobless growth becomes more systemic
A welcome debate on electoral reforms
Centre redefines child porn, moots stiff penalties under POCSO
Floods displace over 4 lakh in Assam
In Telangana, shifting ancientdocuments poses a challenge
Digging deep: exploring the legend of Dwarka
We need robust legal framework
State cracks the whipon rising cyber crime
Building dream houses with mud and lime
Pothamala menhirs stand guard on ancient necropolis
Can’t be pushed into a decision: Speaker
Thursday, 11 July 2019
Doctor’ Alexa to the aid of Britons
Coffee growers’ meet may bring a cuppa cheer for India
CSO must rethink informal sector estimates
GDP growth rates inEconomic Survey,Budget consistent with each other: FM
Centre outlaws outfit forproKhalistani activities
Tariff tensions top U.S.agenda in meetings today
NATO ally status unlikely now
A case for nutrition counselling
Nehru and the Kashmir quandary
Deepening #MeToo
A demographic window of opportunity
Turning down the heat
IAF to adopt ASRAAMmissile for fighter fleet
Single tribunal to hear water disputes
Bengal port records country’s highest sea level rise in 50 years
HSL in race for Navy’s submarine project
State must not allow new sugarmills in Marathwada: Raju Shetti
Worker safety code Billgets Cabinet approval
Wednesday, 10 July 2019
Indian tariffs not acceptable
Taliban, Afghan negotiatorsagree on road map for peace
88 manual scavenging deaths in 3 years
UN report backs India’s standon Pak.based militant groups
Rising healthcare costsbankrupt families: Minister
https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rising-healthcare-costs-bankrupt-families-minister/article28335628.ece
Global problem, local solutions
A pre-election strike on Iran?
The malaise of malnutrition
Going electricThe budgetary measures can speed up India’s plans to switch to electric vehicles
More appeasement than justice
The growing power of the lumpen
Honour for ‘Plan Bee’that helped save jumbos
Full rehearsal for Chandrayaan2 conducted
NIA seizes parts usedfor making bombs
DRDO gets clearanceforMissile Test Facility in A.P.
Cabinet clears sops for port operators
Cabinet cuts regularisation duty forillegal construction in satellite towns
CPCB pulls up 52 firmsover handling of waste
Tuesday, 9 July 2019
Labour Reforms Bill
Labour Reforms Bill
The Ministry has taken steps for drafting four Labour Codes on Wages; Industrial Relations; Social Security; and Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions respectively, by simplifying, amalgamating and rationalizing the relevant provisions of the existing Central Labour Laws. The 4 Labour Codes contain provisions relating to wage, social security, safety, health and grievance redressal mechanism for workers. These initiatives are expected to provide wage security, social security, occupational safety and decent working conditions to the workers. However, there is no proposal at present to dismantle and merge of Employees’ State Insurance Corporation (ESIC), Employees Provident Fund Organization (EPFO) with other central schemes and privatization of social security fund.
The process of Legislative reforms on Labour includes consultation with stakeholders including Central Trade Unions, Employers’ Associations and State Governments in the form of tripartite consultation. Besides, the draft Labour Codes were also placed on website of the Ministry, seeking comments/suggestions from all stakeholders including general public. The draft legislations are finalised after considering comments/suggestions received from various stakeholders.
The proposed labour reforms initiatives will reduce the complexity in compliance due to multiplicity of labour laws and facilitate setting up of enterprises and thus creating the environment for development of business and industry in the country and generating employment opportunities without diluting basic aspects of safety, security and health of workers.
This information was provided by Shri Santosh Kumar Gangwar, Union Minister of State (I/C) for Labour and Employment in written reply to a question in Lok Sabha today.
http://www.pib.nic.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1577702
Implementation of National Electric Mobility Mission Plan
Raja Mandala: When countries moonwalk
On the water front
Explained: How do Foreigners’ Tribunals work?
British Airways faces record$230 mn fine for data breach
India’s indigenous cinema is going places
SEBI gets teeth to probe new-age cases
Financial system has surplus liquidity
Afghanistan rivals resume talks for peace
Bullying by U.S. pushed Iran to breach uranium limit: China
Iran makes new threats thatwould reverse steps in n-deal
UN report ‘legitimises’ terror, says India
Towards a free trade agreement
A myopic view of foreign-made generic drugs
The importance of democratic education
The importance of democratic education
Rajeev Bhargava09 JULY 2019 00:15 IST
UPDATED: 09 JULY 2019 00:18 IST
Without it, we will continue to allow unhealthy scepticism about democracy to grow
A persistent concern exists about democracy’s failure to fulfil our expectations. While our votes are forceful ‘paper stones’, effective in getting rid of governments we dislike, they are powerless to give us effective, efficient, good governments. Why do we have to put up with corrupt rulers with criminal records — qualities that obstruct good governance? Why tolerate those who strive to do more good for themselves than for the people, who have neither vision nor wisdom? Why have mediocre politicians who shun contact with people with ability and talent?
Better, wiser governments
Some cynics may respond to this crisis of democracy by arguing the following: to achieve our national goals, we must assemble the best team to govern. Such a team cannot be elected by popular mandate but instead by those who have the intellectual wherewithal to select those fit for it. To such people, democracy — which is committed to the principle of one person, one vote, and which extends franchise to all regardless of ability — can never produce the best team.
They might draw an analogy from cricket where we play to compete at the highest level and win — something not possible if the best cricketers are not selected. But this is not achieved by popular vote. Instead, we rely on experts — a selection committee consisting of experienced cricketers. If popular mandate can’t give us the best team that realises our national goal in cricket, why expect a different result in politics? Why not select our government by a similar procedure involving experts?
So, to reiterate the conundrum: democratically elected governments in our times are neither efficient nor wise. They show a propensity to fail at achieving their national goal — a high quality of life for all people. Then why not abandon democracy? Or at least introduce an eligibility criterion, restricting the vote to those with formal education? Won’t education help in identifying the best political representatives? A democrat need not reject this argument. She may respond that this need not entail abandoning universal adult franchise but the distribution of education to all. This seems a decent solution. Sustainable democracies require a high rate of literacy. The more educated we are, it might be claimed, the better we become at choosing the best people to run our government.
But this argument is flawed. Literacy and education by themselves do not create good citizens or yield mature democracies. Many are formally illiterate but are politically astute and even possess qualities of good citizenship. Conversely, many educated people are prone to being self-obsessed, undemocratic, and even authoritarian. Primary, secondary or even higher education by itself does not guarantee good citizenship.
The solution then is not just education per se, but universal education of a certain kind, one that is focused on improving the quality of our democracy. Our current education system does not focus on education in democracy or what we might call democratic education. Nor does it build on elements of democratic culture embedded in our traditions.
Core elements
What then are the core elements of democratic education? For a start, it requires the cultivation of democratic virtues. For instance, the ability to imagine and articulate a minimally common good. This requires that we distinguish what is merely good for me from what is the good of all. And since each of us may develop our own distinct idea of the common good, to find an overlapping common good. Relatedly, an ability to handle difference and disagreement and to retain, despite this difference, the motivation to arrive at the common good through conversation, debate, dialogue and deliberation.
The ability to imagine and conceive a common good is inconsistent with what the Greeks famously called ‘pleonexia’, the greed to grab everything for oneself, to refuse to share anything, to not acknowledge what is due to each person, to have no sense of reciprocity or justice. It follows that the idea of the common good cannot be developed without some sense of justice. Democratic education requires training in not succumbing to pleonexia. Also crucial is a spirit of compromise, of moderation, and a willingness, within acceptable value parameters, of mutual give and take. None of this is possible without other general capabilities such as listening patiently to others, being empathetic to the plight of others, and having a commitment to continuing a conversation with people despite disagreement.
More important is the ability to participate in a particular historical narrative or, as the political theorist Jeremy Webber puts it, a “commitment to a particular debate through time”. Members of a political community become better citizens when they relate to critical issues through historically inherited terms of debate, a continuing narrative, a specific ongoing conversation. The reflection of that debate in political decision-making is central to the members’ feeling of engagement and participation. For example, there is a particular way in which the question of religion has been framed in India, as also issues of nation, caste and gender. Individuals become effective and meaningful citizens only by learning the terms set by debates around these specific issues. Since a useful entry to them is available through rich debates in the Constituent Assembly, a familiarity with them is a crucial ingredient of democratic education in India.
It also follows that democratic education involves a basic understanding of our society and its history, of its multiple cultural, intellectual and religious traditions, which set the terms of specific debates. I am frequently appalled at my own ignorance of the historical trajectory of our complex social problems. And saddened to find that my highly educated friends do not know that a constitutional minority in India is not just a numerically small group but one potentially disadvantaged by virtue of that fact; some mistakenly believe that religious minorities have reservation in jobs and in institutions of higher education; massive illiteracy continues to exist about the atrocious nature of our caste system; many continue to think that ‘secularism’ is a wholly western concept, as if ‘religion’ is not! Only a proper democratic education can remove these misunderstandings and flaws.
What then is democratic education? Conceived broadly, it is a historically specific enterprise, determined by the inherited vocabulary of specific political languages and the terms of debates in a particular community. It is designed specifically to enable conversation on issues central to a particular community, to strive for agreement where possible and to live peacefully with disagreement where it is not. In short, it involves social and historical awareness and key democratic virtues.
Many of these understandings and virtues can be inculcated by a good liberal arts education. The 2019 National Education Policy recognises this but alas insufficiently. And as far as I can tell from my skimpy reading, it has virtually nothing to say about how this relates to democracy. So, it appears relatively innocent of the more specific requirements of democratic education. Without proper democratic education, I am afraid we will continue to perpetuate bad democratic practices, allow unhealthy scepticism about democracy to grow and eventually imperil it.
Rajeev Bhargava is Professor, CSDS, Delhi
https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-importance-of-democratic-education/article28323288.ece